Tension Tests (Pullout)
| Yield Load Criteria | Ultimate Load Criteria | Anchor Installation | |||||||||||||||
| Anchor Manufacturer |
{Type:(leg width x depth x diameter x material (glue type)} |
# Tests |
Overall Failure Mode |
Arithmetic Mean (kN) |
Max. Load (kN) |
Min. Load (kN) |
Sigma Standard Deviation (kN) |
Mean -3 Sigma (kN) |
Arithmetic Mean (kN) |
Max. Load (kN) |
Min. Load (kN) |
Standard Deviation (kN) |
Mean -3 Sigma (kN) |
Bolt Diam. (mm) |
Enbed Depth (mm) |
Ubolt Spacing (mm) |
Hole Diam. (mm) |
| n/a (S1) | Glue-In Stud: 100mmxM10 galvanized, carbon steel, threaded rod (Upat ampoule) | 3 | metal | 51.5 | 52.9 | 50.9 | 1.1 | 48.1 | 51.5 | 52.9 | 50.9 | 1.1 | 48.1 | 10 | 100 | n/a | 12 |
| n/a (S2) | Glue-In Stud: 100mmxM10 galvanized, carbon steel, cut threads (Hilti HIT-HY 150) | 4 | bond | 7.3 | 11.5 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 7.3 | 11.5 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 10 | 100 | n/a | 12 |
| n/a (S3) | Glue-In Stud: 100mm xM8 galvanized, carbon steel, cut threads (Hilti HIT-HY 150) | 2 | bond | 14.9 | 20.3 | 9.5 | n/a | n/a | 17.9 | 20.3 | 15.4 | n/a | n/a | 8 | 100 | n/a | 10 |
| Hilti (M1) | Hilti Mech Exp “HSA-KA”: 90mmxM10 galvanized | 3 | pulling | 16.4 | 21.3 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 0.0 | 31.8 | 35.1 | 25.3 | 5.7 | 14.8 | 10 | 90 | n/a | 10 |
| Test Variant (U1) | U-Bolt: 50x120xM8 316 galvananized, carbon steel, threaded rod (Hilti HIT-HY 150) | 4 | varied | 20.3 | 33.2 | 9.5 | 9.9 | 0.0 | 27.0 | 34.1 | 21.3 | 5.4 | 10.9 | 8 | 120 | 50 | 10 |
| Davies (U2) | U-Bolt: 50x60xM8 316 stainless, rolled threads (Hilti HIT-HY 150) | 6 | rock | 15.4 | 21.3 | 9.5 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 17.9 | 21.3 | 13.5 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 8 | 60 | 50 | 10 |
| Test Variant (U3) | U-Bolt: 80x60mmxM10 galvanized, carbon steel, cut threads (Hilti HIT-HY 150) | 4 | bond | 12.0 | 17.4 | 3.6 | 6.1 | 0.0 | 18.9 | 25.3 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 0.0 | 10 | 60 | 80 | 10 |
| SA Railways (U4) | U-Bolt: 37x50mmxM12 galvanized, carbon steel, cut threads (Epidermix) | 4 | rock | 13.9 | 23.3 | 5.6 | 8.7 | 0.0 | 14.4 | 25.3 | 5.6 | 9.4 | 0.0 | 12 | 50 | 37 | 12 |
| Robot hardware (U5) | U-Bolt: 37x37mmxM10 chromed, carbon steel, cut threads (Hilti HIT-HY 150) | 3 | bond | 6.9 | 9.5 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 8.2 | 11.5 | 5.6 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 8 | 30 | 60 | 10 |
| Fergusson (U6) | U-Bolt: 37x60x8mm cut grooves stainless steel (Epidermix) | 1 | bond | 11.0 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 11.0 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 8 | 100 | 37 | 8 |
| Total Bolts: | 34 | ||||||||||||||||
Shear Tests
| Yield Load Criteria | Ultimate Load Criteria | Anchor Installation | |||||||||||||||
| Anchor Manufacturer |
{Type:(leg width x depth x diameter x material (glue type)} |
# Tests |
Overall Failure Mode |
Arithmetic Mean (kN) |
Max. Load (kN) |
Min. Load (kN) |
Sigma Standard Deviation (kN) |
Mean -3 Sigma (kN) |
Arithmetic Mean (kN) |
Max. Load (kN) |
Min. Load (kN) |
Standard Deviation (kN) |
Mean -3 Sigma (kN) |
Bolt Diam. (mm) |
Enbed Depth (mm) |
Ubolt Spacing (mm) |
Hole Diam. (mm) |
| Test Variant (U1) | U-Bolt: 50x120xM8 galvanized, carbon steel, threaded rod (Hilti HIT-HY 150) | 2 | bending | 10.5 | 11.5 | 9.5 | n/a | n/a | 12.5 | 15.4 | 9.5 | n/a | n/a | 8 | 120 | 50 | 10 |
| Davies *1 (U2) | U-Bolt: 50x60xM8 316 stainless, rolled threads (Hilti HIT-HY 150) | 4 | bending | 15.9 | 17.4 | 15.4 | 1.0 | 13.0 | 45.3 | n/a | n/a | 3.6 | 34.6 | 8 | 60 | 50 | 10 |
| SA Railways (U4) | U-Bolt: 37x50mmxM12 galvanized, carbon steel, cut threads (Epidermix) | 2 | rock | 23.3 | 29.2 | 17.4 | n/a | n/a | 23.3 | 29.2 | 17.4 | n/a | n/a | 12 | 50 | 37 | 12 |
| SA Railways (U8) | U-Bolt: 37x37mmx12mm galvanized (Epidermix) | 1 | bond | 19.4 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 25.3 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 9 | 35 | 37 | 10 |
| n/a (S2) | Glue-In Stud: 100mmxM10 galvanized (Hilti HIT-HY 150) | 1 | hanger | 22.3 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 40.1 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 10 | 100 | n/a | 12 |
| Total Bolts: | 10 | ||||||||||||||||
In addition, specifying a Safe Working Load would involve dividing the 3-Sigma Yield Load by a Factor of Safety. Only one of the tested anchors are strong enough to provide a reasonable Safe Working Load: the S1 Glue-In Stud.
Upat Ampoule – UKA 3
Hilti HIT-HY 150 installed with Hilti Injection gun
Epidermix 372
n/a = not enough tests to compute
S = Stud
M = Mechanical expansion
U = U-Bolt
*1 shear failure results from Davies data